Dioscorea extracts

ABSTRACT

An extract from a tuber of a  Dioscorea  plant. Also disclosed is a composition containing an extract from a tuber of a  Dioscorea  plant and a cytokine, as well as methods of enhancing proliferation of bone marrow or spleen cells and stimulating regeneration of a specific lineage of hematopoietic cells.

BACKGROUND

The immune system defends the human body against pathogen infection,cellular transformation, and physical/chemical damage. Its impairment,such as decrease in the number of spleen- or bone marrow-derived immunecells, leads to various disorders. The impairment can be caused byaging, disease, and medical treatment (e.g., chemotherapy orimmunosuppression). There is a need for drugs that improve the immunesystem.

SUMMARY

This invention is based, at least in part, on an unexpected discoverythat an extract prepared from a tuber of a Dioscorea plant enhances theproliferation of bone marrow cells and spleen cells. This extract can beused to improve the immune system.

One aspect of the invention features an extract from a tuber of aDioscorea plant, which is soluble in water and insoluble in an aqueoussolution containing 65-90% ethanol, such as 70-80% (e.g., 75%) ethanol,between 0° C. and 25° C. The extract can be prepared from D. batatasDecne, D. alata L., D. pseudojaponica, or D. alata L. var. purpurea(Roxb.) M. Pouch. In a preferred embodiment, it is prepared from D.batatas Decne.

The invention also features a composition containing the just-describedextract and a cytokine, e.g., interleukin-2 (IL-2). The composition canbe a food product, a food additive, a beverage, a pharmaceuticalformulation, or a dietary supplement for improving the immune system.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of enhancing theproliferation of bone marrow or spleen cells. The method includesadministering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of theabove-described extract or composition. Examples of the bone marrowcells include colony forming unit-granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM),colony-forming unit-granulocyte/erythroid/macrophage/megakaryocyte(CFU-GEMM), and burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) cells.“Administration” refers to intake of the extract or composition in anysuitable form (e.g., food product, beverage, and tablet). An “effectiveamount” refers to an amount of the extract or composition that issufficient to provide a therapeutic or healthful benefit, i.e.,enhancing the proliferation of bone marrow or spleen cells or reducingthe probability of relapse after a successful course of treatment.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth inthe accompanying description below. Other features, objects, andadvantages of the invention will be apparent from the description, andfrom the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This invention relates to an extract prepared from Dioscorea and its usein enhancing the proliferation of bone marrow cells and spleen cells.

For example, within the scope of this invention is an extract preparedfrom a tuber of a Dioscorea plant. This extract can be preparedaccording to the procedure descried in the example below. It is solublein water and insoluble in an aqueous solution containing 65-90% ethanolbetween 0° C. and 25° C. Many species of the genus Dioscorea, such as D.batatas Decne, D. alata, L., D. pseudojaponica can be used. Theircultivation, growth, taxonomy, and agricultural practice are well knownin the art. See, e.g., Liu et al. 1995, J. Chinese Med. 6:111-126. Theextract can be used alone or in combination with other compound, such ascytokines (e.g., IL-2), to enhance the proliferation of bone marrowcells and spleen cells. Its efficacy can be tested according to themethod described in the example below or other methods known in the art.It was unexpected that the extract not only stimulates the proliferationof the cells but also acts synergistically with IL-2 in stimulating theproliferation.

IL-2 is known to induce growth of specific immune cells. RecombinantIL-2 has been used in cancer immunotherapy. However, its use is limitedby its high manufacturing cost and severe side effects. There is a needfor a safe and inexpensive IL-2 composition. As described in the examplebelow, a Dioscorea extract of this invention enhances the cellularactivity of IL-2 in a synergistic manner. This synergy allows one to usemuch less IL-2 than it would require to achieve the same cellulareffect. Dioscorea has been consumed as food for thousands of years anddoes not cause undesirable side effects. Further, the Dioscorea extractof this invention can be made cost-effectively using the methoddescribed herein. Accordingly, a composition containing the extract andIL-2 is expected to be a safer and cheaper alternative to therapiesrelying on IL-2 only.

Thus, also within the scope of this invention is a compositioncontaining the above-described extract or a cytokine, e.g., IL-2, as anactive ingredient. Additional ingredients that can be contained in thecomposition include other herbal extracts, vitamins, amino acids, metalsalts, metal chelates, coloring agents, flavor enhancers, preservatives,and the like.

An extract or composition of this invention can be added directly tofoods so that an effective amount of the extract is ingested duringnormal meals. Any methods known to those skilled in the art can be usedto add to or incorporate the compositions of this invention into naturalor processed foods, provided that the extract remain effective. Forexample, the composition of the invention can be made and stored at atemperature from about 0° C. to 4° C. “Food” broadly refers to any kindof material, liquid or solid, that is used for nourishing an animal, andfor sustaining normal or accelerated growth of an animal includinghumans. Many types of food products or beverages, such as, but notlimited to, fruit juice, herbal extracts, tea-based beverages, dairyproducts, soy bean product (e.g., tofu), and rice products, can be usedto form compositions containing the extract of the invention.

A composition of this invention can be a pharmaceutical composition thatcontains a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as a solvent, adispersion medium, a coating, an antibacterial and antifungal agent, andan isotonic and absorption delaying agent. The composition canadditionally include binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch,polyvinylpyrrolidone, or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); binders orfillers (e.g., lactose, pentosan, microcrystalline cellulose, or calciumhydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, orsilica); disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycolate);or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate). The tablets orcapsules can be coated by methods well known in the art.

An above-described composition can be formulated to be compatible withits intended route of administration, e.g., oral administration. Such acomposition can be formulated as discrete units such as capsules,cachets, or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of theextract, as a powder or granules or as a solution or a suspension in anaqueous liquid, a non-aqueous liquid, an oil-in-water emulsion, or awater-in-oil liquid emulsion. In general, the compositions are preparedby uniformly and intimately admixing the extract with liquid carriers orfinely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shapingthe product into the desired presentation. Liquid preparations for oraladministration can take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups, orsuspensions; or they can be presented as a dry product for constitutionwith water or other suitable vehicle before use. For instance, theextract described above can be directly packed into vacuum-sealedbottles for use as liquid compositions. The temperature of the liquidused to reconstitute the dried product should be less than 65° C. Theliquid preparations can also be prepared by conventional means withadditives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulosederivatives, or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g.,lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oilyesters, ethyl alcohol, or fractionated vegetable oils); andpreservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates, or sorbicacid). Alternatively, as described below, the preparations can be madeto resemble foods, containing buffer salts, flavoring, coloring andsweetening agents as appropriate.

The above-described extract or composition can be used as a medicamentfor treatment of immune system impairment. It also can be used as adietary supplement, health food, or health drink for prevention ofimmune system impairment. Subjects to be treated can be identified ashaving, or being at risk for acquiring, a condition characterized byimmune system impairment, e.g., low level of spleen- or bonemarrow-derived cells.

For example, patients undergoing chemotherapies or immune-suppressingtherapies have low level of immune cells and often suffer from disordersassociated with immune system impairment. To restore the immune celllevel after the therapies, the patients can be treated with the extractor composition of this invention. In an ex vivo approach, thecomposition is administered to tissues (e.g., blood and bone marrow) orcells (e.g., tumor infiltrating lymphocytes or lymphokine-activatedkiller cells) obtained from a subject. The tissues or cells are thenintroduced back into the subject. In an in vivo approach, a compositionof the invention is administered orally or by intravenous infusion, orinjected or implanted subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intrathecally,intraperitoneally, intrarectally, intravaginally, intranasally,intragastrically, intratracheally, or intrapulmonarily. This treatmentcan be performed alone or in conjunction with other drugs or therapy.The term “treating” is defined as administration of a composition to asubject with the purpose to cure, alleviate, relieve, remedy, prevent,or ameliorate a disorder, the symptom of immune system impairment, thedisease state secondary to the disorder, or the predisposition towardthe disorder.

The efficacy of an extract or composition of this invention can beevaluated for its ability to enhance the proliferation of bone marrowcells and spleens cells in the manner described in the example below.Based on the results, an appropriate dosage range and administrationroute can be determined.

To determine optimal administration doses and routes, animal studies orclinical trials can also be conducted. The dosage required depends onthe choice of the route of administration; the nature of theformulation; the nature of the subject's illness; the subject's size,weight, surface area, age, and sex; other drugs being administered; andthe judgment of the attending physician. It can be adjusted by oneskilled in the art, e.g., a nutritionist, dietician, or treatingphysician, in conjunction with the subject's response. Suitable dosagesare in the range of 0.01-100.0 mg/kg. Wide variations in the neededdosage are to be expected in view of the variety of compositionsavailable and the different efficiencies of various routes ofadministration. For example, oral administration would be expected torequire higher dosages than administration by intravenous injection.Variations in these dosage levels can be adjusted using standardempirical routines for optimization as is well understood in the art.Encapsulation of the composition in a suitable delivery vehicle (e.g.,polymeric microparticles or implantable devices) may increase theefficiency of delivery, particularly for oral delivery.

The specific example below is to be construed as merely illustrative,and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any waywhatsoever. Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilledin the art can, based on the description herein, utilize the presentinvention to its fullest extent. All publications recited herein arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Preparation of Dioscorea Extracts

Three species of the genus Dioscorea (D. batatas Decne, D. alata, L. andD. pseudojaponica) and one cultivar of D. alata (D. alata L. var.purpurea (Roxb.) M. Pouch.) were used to prepare extracts. Theauthenticity of all Dioscorea plant materials was validated by Dr.Sin-Yie Liu at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute.

Tubers of Dioscorea spp. were peeled, sliced (2-4 mm), frozen at −80°C., lyophilized, and stored in a desiccator at room temperature untiluse. The tuber slices were ground to powder. Ten grams of the powder wasmixed with 100 ml milli Q water, stirred for 1 hour (h) at roomtemperature, and centrifuged at 24,000×g at 4° C. for 20 min. Theresultant supernatant was filtered through glass wool. The pellet wasresuspended in 100 ml water, stirred, centrifuged, and re-extracted inthe manner described above. The supernatants from the two extractionswere pooled to generate a crude extract (CE) fraction. The CE fractionwas further extracted stepwise with 50%, 75%, and 87.5% (V/V) ethanol.The ethanol-insoluble fractions were collected by centrifugation at24,000×g at 4° C. for 20 min. The pellets were lyophilized and dissolvedin sterilized water at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. These fractions weredesignated as DsCE-I, -II, and -III, respectively. The yields of CE,DsCE-I, -II, and -III were 16.64%, 4.34%, 2.24%, and 1.82% of the dryweight of the starting material.

DsCE-II Stimulated Growth of Murine Splenocytes To investigate whetherDioscorea extracts modulate the immune system, the effects of DsCE-I,-II, and -III of D. batatas Decne on the proliferation of murinesplenocytes were examined.

Female BALB/c mice, 8 to 12 weeks old, were purchased from the NationalLaboratory Animal Breeding and Research Center, Taipei, Taiwan, andmaintained under standard pathogen-free conditions. Splenocytes wereprepared from the mice according to the method described in Coligan etal. 1998, Current Protocols in Immunology. New York: John Wiley & Sons,Inc. with minor modifications. Briefly, the spleens of the mice wereremoved, minced at room temperature in an RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco BRL,Life Technologies, NY), and resuspended in the same medium. Tissuedebris was removed by passing the cell suspension through a cottoncolumn. Red blood cells were lyzed in an ACK buffer (150 mM NH₄Cl, 1.0mM KHCO₃, 0.1 mM Na₂EDTA, pH 7.2). The splenocytes thus-obtained weregrown in an RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.0),non-essential amino acids (Gibco BRL, Life Technologies, NY), 50 μMβ-mercaptoethanol, 0.03% L-glutamine, 50 μg/ml gentamycin (Gibco BRL,Life Technologies, NY), and 10% heat-inactivated (56° C., 30 min) fetalbovine serum (HyClone, UT).

200 μl (2×10⁵) of splenocytes were seeded into individual wells of a96-well plate and incubated with a medium containing 0, 100, 250, 500,or 1000 μg/ml of the extracts described above for 48 h. They were thenlabeled for 16 h with 1 μCi/well ³H-thymidine (specific activity 20Ci/mmol, NET027X, NEN Life Science Products, MA). The labeled cells wereharvested using a Cell Harvestor (Packard, Conn.) following themanufacturer's instructions. The radioactivity was determined using aTopCount-NXT™ system (Packard, Conn.). The ³H-thymidine incorporationwas expressed as the radioactivity in cpm per well of the experimentalgroup minus the cpm from the negative control (medium only) set.

In absence of pre-treatment with mitogens, such as phyto-hemagglutinin(PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), or cytokines, the DsCE-II fractionincreased the proliferation of murine splenocytes in a linear,dose-dependent manner between 100 to 500 μg/ml. In contrast, DsCE-Ifailed to induce cell proliferation, and DsCE-III only slightlystimulated the proliferation.

The above-described DsCE-I, -II, and -III fractions were furtherexamined for cytotoxicity on human skin fibroblast (CCD966SK), humanhepatoma (Hep G2 and Huh 7), and human mammary carcinoma (MCF-7) celllines using standard MTT assays (Vistica et al. (1991) Cancer Res.51:2515-20). No cytotoxicity was found.

Synergy between DsCE-II and IL-2

Murine splenocytes were prepared in the manner described above andincubated with media containing (1) an increasing amount of D. batatasDecne DsCE-II, (2) 2 ng/ml of recombinant mouse IL-2 (Biosource, CA),and (3) a combination of the extract and IL2, respectively. Theproliferation of the splenocytes was examined in the same mannerdescribed above.

It was found that, at as low as 50 μg/ml, DsCE-II effectively stimulatedthe proliferation of the splenocytes induced by IL-2. The combinedeffect of IL-2 and DsCE-II on the proliferation of the splenocytes wasalways greater than the expected sum of the effects exerted by the tworeagents individually. For example, the ³H-thymidine incorporation levelof the splenocytes incubated with both 250 μg/ml DsCE-II and 2 ng/mlIL-2 was 4 times of the sum of the levels for splenocytes incubated withthe same amounts of DsCE-II and IL-2, respectively.

In a reverse experimental design, a fixed concentration DsCE-II (250μg/ml) was combined with varying doses of IL-2 (0-5 ng/ml). Similarsynergistic effects on the proliferation of splenocytes were observed.In parallel experiments, extracts prepared from an Orchidaceae herb,Anoectochilus formosanus, were tested for their effects on splenocyteproliferation in the same manner. No synergy between them and IL-2 wasdetected. These results indicated that IL-2 and DsCE-II enhance theproliferation of splenocytes via a specific cellular mechanism(s), andthat the enhancement is not due to general effects of a plant extract ora phytocompound fraction derived from it.

DsCE-II extracts prepared from the other three Dioscorea species orcultivars were also tested for their effects on splenocyte proliferationand their ability to enhance IL-2-mediated cell growth. Extracts from D.alata and D. pseudojaponica slightly stimulated splenocyte proliferationby themselves and showed no synergy with IL-2. In comparison, theextract from D. alata var. purpurea conferred a lower but significanteffect. Among the DsCE-II extracts from the four species, D. batatasDecne DsCE-II exhibited the highest proliferation activity by itself andthe highest synergy with IL-2.

D. batatas Decne DsCE-II Promoted Regeneration of Bone Marrow Cells andSplenocytes in 5-FU-treated Mice

Female BALB/c mice were divided into several groups, 3 mice in each. Atday 1, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, F-6627, Sigma, MO) or water (as negativecontrol) was injected intraperitoneally into the mice at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight according to the method described in Wlodarski et al.1998, Blood 91:2998-3006 and Cao et al. 1998 J. Interferon Cytokine Res.18:227-233. 5-FU is a commonly used and potent chemotherapeutic drug forcancer patients.

As day 2, the mice were fed with D. batatas Decne DsCE-II at a dailydoes of 10 mg/kg body weight for five days. At day 7, the mice weresacrificed and bone marrow cells (BMCs) were isolated according to theprotocols described in Randall and Weissman, 1997, Blood 89:3596-606 andWlodarski et al. 1998, Blood 91:2998-3006. In brief, the femurs andtibias were dissected and the surrounding tissues removed. Both ends ofeach bone were cut and the marrow carefully flushed out with an RPMImedium using a syringe having a 25G needle. Tissue debris and red bloodcells were eliminated in the same manner described above. The number ofBMC in each mouse was the then counted. The splenocytes from the micewere also isolated and counted. The results are summarized in Table 1below: TABLE 1 Effects of D. batatas Decne DsCE-II on murine bone marrowcells and splenocytes 5-FU Treatment Extract BMC (×10⁷) Splenocytes(×10⁷⁾ No None 4.41 ± 0.42 7.54 ± 0.54 Yes None 1.35 ± 0.26 2.98 ± 0.66Yes DsCE-II 2.94 ± 0.13 4.72 ± 0.39

As shown in Table 1, the average BMC and splenocyte counts in the micetreated with 5-FU and fed with DsCE-II were much higher than those inthe mice treated with 5-FU but not fed with DsCE-II. The resultsindicate that D. batatas DsCE-II restores the BMC and splenocyte countsin 5-FU-treated mice.

Another experiment was conducted in the same manner described above,except that the 5-FU-treated mice were fed with D. batatas DsCE-I, D.batatas DsCE-II, and D. alata DsCE-II, respectively. The BMC andsplenocyte counts in the mice were summarized in Table 2 below. Thecounts were presented as the percentages of those in the mice that werenot treated 5-FU. TABLE 2 Effects of D. batatas and D. alata extracts onmurine bone marrow cells and splenocytes 5-FU Treatment Extract BMC (%)Splenocytes (%) No None 100.0 100.0 Yes None 24.6 47.1 Yes D. batatasDsCE-I 24.8 50.6 Yes D. batatas DsCE-II 49.1 75.2 Yes D. alata DsCE-II30.5 68.9

As shown in Table 2, D. batatas and D. alata DsCE-II extracts exhibitedsimilar effects on splenocytes (75.2% and 68.9%). D. batatas DsCE-I hadno or minimal effect on the count of BMCs or splenocytes. These resultsare analogous to that observed for the in vitro assay described abovewhere DsCE-I exerted no effect on splenocyte proliferation. In contrast,the mice treated with 5-FU and fed with D. batatas DsCE-II had asignificantly larger BMC population than the mice treated with 5-FU butnot fed with the extract (49.1% vs. 24.6%). The mice treated with 5-FUand fed with D. alata DsCE-II also had a larger BMC population thanthose treated with 5-FU but not fed with any extract (30.5% vs. 24.6%).These results agree well with the above-described in vitro data showingthat D. batatas DsCE-II has a higher activity than D. alata DsCE-II.

These results indicate that D. batatas and D. alata DsCE-IIs protectBMCs and splenocytes from 5-FU or promotes the regeneration of thesecells after 5-FU treatment.

To further evaluate the effect of D. batatas DsCE-II on bone marrowcells, the response of the nucleated cells in bone marrow of the5-FU-treated mice was examined according to the method described in Caoet al. 1998, J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 8:227-33. It was found thataverage count of the nucleated cells in the 5-FU-treated/DsCE-II fedmice was about 96% of that in the mice not treated with 5-FU. Incomparison, the average nucleated bone marrow cell count in the micetreated with 5-FU and fed with a comparable dose of cucumber juice(“Veg”) was much lower than that in the 5-FU-treated/DsCE-II fed mice.

DsCE-II Preferentially Stimulated Regeneration of Bone Marrow ProgenitorCells

The nucleated bone marrow cells described above were subsequentlycultured in a M3434 medium and assayed for growth of colony forming unit(CFU) or progenitor cells, including CFU-GEMM, CFU-GM, and BFU-Efollowing the manufacturer's instruction (StemCell; MethoCult™ GF M3434media, Catalog #03434).

Briefly, nucleated bone marrow cells prepared from mouse femur and tibiawere diluted in IMDM-2% FBS to a final density of 4×10⁵ cells/ml. 0.3 mlof cell suspension was added to 3 ml of MethoCult™ GF M3434 media(StemCell, Catalog #03434). The mixtures were gently vortexed andallowed to stand for 5 to 10 minutes to dissipate air bubbles. Aliquotsof 1.1 ml cell suspension were dispensed into 35 mm culture dishes(Nunclon™, Catalog #174926) using a syringe having an 18 G needle. Thedishes were gently rotated to spread the cells onto the methylcellulosesubstratum evenly. Cell cultures were incubated in a humidified(≧95%)-5% CO₂ incubator at 37° C. for 12 days to generate cell colonies.Colony numbers and types were then determined using an invertedmicroscope (IX70, Olympus). The results from two independent experimentsare summarized in Tables 3A and 3B below. TABLE 3A Effects of D. batatasextracts on CFU-GM, BFU-E, and CFU-GEMM CFU number (×10⁻²)/Hind limb5-FU Treatment Fed with GM BFU-E GEMM No H₂O 622.6 ± 83.6 17.8 ± 6.912.8 ± 5.5 Yes H₂O 336.2 ± 43.7  7.4 ± 0.6  6.7 ± 0.1 Yes Veg 464.5 ±45.2 11.2 ± 2.3 10.1 ± 1.5 Yes DsCEI 491.9 ± 47.3  8.6 ± 3.0 11.2 ± 3.5Yes DsCEII  855.7 ± 132.1 12.9 ± 2.4 13.6 ± 2.2

TABLE 3B Effects of D. batatas extracts DsCE-II on CFU-GM, BFU-E, andCFU-GEMM Fed CFU number (×10⁻²)/Hind limb 5-FU Treatment with GM BFU-EGEMM No H₂O 337.7 ± 5   26.7 ± 0.5  15.4 ± 3.7  Yes H₂O 169.2 ± 47.3 6.9± 0.8 4.3 ± 1.3 Yes DsCE-II  366.5 ± 174.6  15 ± 5.2 7.5 ± 0.5

As shown in Tables 3A and B, the colony numbers of CFU-GM, BFU-E, andCFU-GEMM for the 5-FU treated mice were substantially smaller (by about50%) than those for the mice not treated with 5-FU. For the5-FU-treated/DsCE-II fed mice, the CFU-GM, BFU-E, and CFU-GEMM colonynumbers were higher than those for the mice not fed with the extract. Inparticular, the CFU-GM and CFU-GEMM colony numbers were even higher thanthose for the mice not treated with 5-FU. These results indicate that D.batatas DsCE-II specifically stimulates the regeneration of CFU-GM andCFU-GEMM cell lineages, and, to a lesser degree, that of BFU-E lineage.

Other Embodiments

All of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined inany combination. Each feature disclosed in this specification may bereplaced by an alternative feature serving the same, equivalent, orsimilar purpose. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each featuredisclosed is only an example of a generic series of equivalent orsimilar features.

From the above description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertainthe essential characteristics of the present invention, and withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changesand modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages andconditions. Thus, other embodiments are also within the scope of thefollowing claims.

1. An extract from a tuber of a Dioscorea plant, wherein the extract is soluble in water and insoluble in an aqueous solution containing 65-90% ethanol between 0° C. and 25° C.
 2. The extract of claim 1, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas Decne, D. alata L., D. pseudojaponica, or D. alata L. var. purpurea (Roxb.) M. Pouch.
 3. The extract of claim 1, wherein the aqueous solution contains 70-80% ethanol.
 4. The extract of claim 3, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas Decne, D. alata L., D. pseudojaponica, or D. alata L. var. purpurea (Roxb.) M. Pouch.
 5. The extract of claim 3, wherein the aqueous solution contains 75% ethanol.
 6. The extract of claim 5, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas Decne, D. alata L., D. pseudojaponica, or D. alata L. var. purpurea (Roxb.) M. Pouch.
 7. The extract of claim 6, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas Decne.
 8. A composition comprising an extract from a tuber of a Dioscorea plant and a cytokine.
 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the cytokine is interleukin-2.
 10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas.
 11. The composition of claim 8, wherein the extract is soluble in water and insoluble in an aqueous solution containing 65-90% ethanol between 0° C. and 25° C.
 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the cytokine is interleukin-2.
 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas.
 14. The composition of claim 11, wherein the aqueous solution contains 70-80% ethanol.
 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the cytokine is interleukin-2.
 16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas.
 17. The composition of claim 14, wherein the aqueous solution contains 75% ethanol.
 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the cytokine is interleukin-2.
 19. The composition of claim 18, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas.
 20. A method of enhancing proliferation of bone marrow or spleen cells, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an extract from a tuber of a Dioscorea plant.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the extract is soluble in water and insoluble in an aqueous solution containing 65-90% ethanol between 0° C. and 25° C.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas Decne, D. alata L., D. pseudojaponica, or D. alata L. var. purpurea (Roxb.) M. Pouch.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the aqueous solution contains 70-80% ethanol.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas Decne, D. alata L., D. pseudojaponica, or D. alata L. var. purpurea (Roxb.) M. Pouch.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the aqueous solution contains 75% ethanol.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas Decne, D. alata L., D. pseudojaponica, or D. alata L. var. purpurea (Roxb.) M. Pouch.
 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the bone marrow cells are CFU-GM, CFU-GEMM, or CFU-BFU-E cells.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas Decne, D. alata L., D. pseudojaponica, or D. alata L. var. purpurea (Roxb.) M. Pouch.
 29. A method of enhancing proliferation of bone marrow or spleen cells, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an extract from a tuber of a Dioscorea plant and an effective amount of a cytokine.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the cytokine is interleukin-2.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the extract is soluble in water and insoluble in an aqueous solution containing 65-90% ethanol between 0° C. and 25° C.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the cytokine is interleukin-2.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas.
 35. The method of claim 32, wherein the aqueous solution contains 70-80% ethanol.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the cytokine is interleukin-2.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas.
 38. The method of claim 35, wherein the aqueous solution contains 75% ethanol.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the cytokine is interleukin-2.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas.
 41. The method of claim 28, wherein the bone marrow cells are CFU-GM, CFU-GEMM, or CFU-BFU-E cells.
 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the cytokine is interleukin-2.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the Dioscorea plant is D. batatas. 